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Currier and Ives's highly romanticized Castle Garden Immigration Station in New York City, predecessor to Ellis Island
Using the Ellis Island Database by Deborah G. Glassman Originally pub. as "The Ellis Island Database and Lyakhovichi"copyright 2004
Neville Lamdan wrote a very pertinent analysis of what we could learn from the Ellis Island Database as it pertained to people from Lyakhovichi and it is the main article in the center of this page. The purpose of the article which you are reading, is somewhat different. I want you to understand what the Ellis Island Data Base does and does not do and how it produced another four hundred people from Lyakhovichi for our list and then in a later search produced another fifty. It is important that you understand the work that can still be done in this same database to produce additional valuable data - names of people who never came to the U.S., clear identification of the name as it appeared in European record when you only know the American form, and clues to naturalization records that are stored in other archives.
The Ellis Island Data Base is a massive project undertaken by volunteers from the Church of Jesus Christ Latter Day Saints, of US government records in the public domain. It is searchable as a free database at www.ellisisland.org Researchers worked hard to index the entry records created at the port of New York from the 1890s through the 1920s. What they were reading until they came to the records of the 1920s, were handwritten manifests created by ships officers. The lists were of each passenger disembarking at the Port of New York based on lists compiled by the ship's officers as the people boarded at the start of the voyage. Each of the lists had all of the difficulties of reading script of varying degrees of legibility. After 1920, many of the ships from larger shipping companies provided typed lists – in addition to typographical errors, the typed lists were usually rewrites of handwritten manifests created earlier at boarding in Europe and so legibility issues were formalized into a typed form unlikely to be disputed.
When I looked for the entry record of my grandfather (he was not from Lyakhovichi but it was my starting point in the Ellis Island indexed database), I could not find him or his mother or sister. I then used one of the tools created by Steve Morse, (a wonderful friend to genealogists who designed the software that you use when you search the Ellis Island Data Base from the Jewish Gen "One-Step Search" site - see under Research Tools). I searched only for people from my grandfather's town and found my grandfather and identified the problem. His mother’s entry – Golda Kleinman was read by the indexer as Toldes Klusinamen. My grandfather’s entry and his Yiddish name of Velvel (typically written on German manifests as Welwel) was in fact written Welwel but read by the indexer as Nelvel. Nelvel Klusinamen would not come up on normal searches for Velvel Kleinman. I check immigration records a lot and I soon found patterns in indexer misreads.
You will see the first name “Lore” appears in many Ellis Island records for Jewish women, yet this is a name that does not appear commonly in this time period. Examination of record after record shows that the indexers have misread the style of writing an “S” as the letter “L.” All of those women are actually named Sore (Sara). An equally common mistake is caused by the European crossing of the letter “J.” So thousands of Jews named Fankel are said to have entered the country when we actually had an influx of the much more common name of Jankel (the German spelling for Yankel).
Because the S/L mistake is so pervasive, I realized that to do a search of all people from Lyakhovichi, I had to find all of the spelling variants of Lyakhovichi, Lechowitz, Lachowitz, etc. and then do all those searches again with an initial letter of S. The search was productive. In addition to finding entries that were misread with an S, I also found the L misread as J and I, so I searched and found variants that started with those letters. Do not think that the emigrants spelled the town this way or pronounced it like this. These are script misreadings. Similarly when I changed the Soundex searches to include where the wicz endings were misread as wier, this did not indicate another valid spelling but poor handwriting.
Why do a search by town for everyone who gave it as their last residence? When we have completed examining all of those records, we will have a long list of names of people whose children came to America. We will have an even longer list of people whose spouses and siblings joined them in the US from Lyakhovichi. And you will learn the names of cousins, aunts, and grandparents, of the ancestor who came to the US.
Final caveat! Ellis Island manifests are not lists of everybody born in Lyakhovichi who entered the United States. They list people who gave their last legal residence as Lyakhovichi when entering the United States at the port of New York through Ellis Island. My great-grandfather, who was born in Lyakhovichi, had a last legal residence of Slutsk. Many emigrees from Lyakhovichi before 1906 just listed the guberniya of Minsk, so we do not have an accurate last residence for them. And many US immigrants entered through other ports – Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston, even little Galveston in Texas! But this is a tremendous resource for us to explore.
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Migration Documents of Lyakhovichi Residents
This page has three sections for articles and the link column containing access to every other page on our site. The main part of the page is dedicated to an important article written by Dr. Neville Lamdan on Lyakhovichi residents named in the Ellis Island Database. Below that is a description and list of each of the Migration Record Pages on our website. In 2007 there are 15 such lists including an inclusive Immigration Names Index on our All Page Index.
LECHOVICHERS in the EIDB
by Neville Lamdan copyright, 2001
 Dr. Neville Lamdan
The Ellis Island Database is an extraordinary resource. Eilat Gordon was kind enough to comb it for the SIG and she produced almost 1,200 people who gave Lechovich or places with similar names as their last place of residence. SIG members provided another 66 individuals who were not on Eilat's list.
Hence, the question immediately arose whether it was credible that about 1250 Lechovichers could have headed for Ellis Island in the years 1896 and 1924 – bearing in mind that in 1897 the Russian census showed just 3,846 Jews in the town (within a total population of 5,016). Put another way, could it really be that some 32.5%, or almost a third, of the town's Jews in 1897 entered the US in the period indicated via Ellis Island alone?
On the face of it, the answer was simply "no". The figure of some 1250 individuals clearly required critical examination.
The first thing to be done was to delete people on the list of almost 1200 who came from places picked up by the EIDB Soundex facility which were patently not Lechovich, as the town was called by the Jews (Lachowicze in Polish, Lyakhovichi in Belorussian, to mention only a couple of several variants). Then people from "highly improbable" places had also to be stripped out. Since due caution was exercised in the elimination process, the reduced list - 939 names – was assumed to be overstated by 10%. When that percentage is deducted, and the 66 individuals on the SIG's input list are added back, the revised total was 911.
However, the original question persisted. Was it reasonable that over 900 of the town's Jews in 1897 – 23.4%, or aalmost a quarter of them – could have headed for Ellis Island during the time period in question? And factor in another consideration, not yet mentioned – that, after 1897, the town's population did not grow but, quite the reverse, it shrunk significantly, partly because of the magnetic attraction of more prosperous towns nearby, especially Baranovich which was booming thanks to the railroad, and partly because of the adverse impact of World War I, when Lechovich found itself in the middle of a war zone and was partly evacuated.
One possible hypothesis to explain the apparent anomaly meaningfully could be that many of those who are recorded in the EIDB as coming from Lechovich did not actually come from the town itself, but from the numerous villages in the administrative sub-district surrounding the town. Those people would have very naturally given "Lechovich" as their place of residence, because that was how they were registered in Czarist Russia at the time. And if one assumes, somewhat arbitrarily, that at least as many Jews lived in the villages and outlying places as in the town itself, the number of just over 900 can readily be halved to approximately 450 – or 11.7% of the 1897 figure. This surely is a more reasonable figure for people from Lechovich proper.
Additional refinements may be required, but they are of a lesser order. For example, not everyone who arrived at Ellis Island was admitted to the US - so remove, say, another 1-2% (?). Then, many bona fide Lechovichers had relocated before they sailed for America and are thus listed in the Ships' Manifests as coming from such towns as Baranovich, Nesvizh and Kletsk - so add on, say 2-3% (?).
Altogether, after adjusting the numbers as above, it appears that perhaps 12-13% of the town's population in 1897 (460 – 500 individuals) entered the US via Ellis Island. In and of itself, this is a fascinating statistic, bearing in mind the many other entry-points into the US, including overland via Canada.
An additional perspective is to be found in a Polish Census which recorded the town's Jewish population, in 1921, as 1656 individuals (out of a total of 2819). This depleted number in comparison with 1897 (less than half) clearly reflects a combination of emigration, relocation and the effects of war.
Some Particulars.
Rhythm of Migration.
The first Lechovicher found to have passed through Ellis Island is Reise Mandel-Adelsohn, who arrived with her children (via Kletsk) in 1896. Thereafter, people came in one's and two's, until the trickle became a flow in 1902 (with 16 names). Lechovich arrivals totally ceased during World War I and the two years of Russian-Polish turmoil thereafter, only to resume slowly in 1920 (a mere 95 people over the five years between 1920 and 1924).
Peak Years of Arrival.
446 or virtually half of our core group of "over 900" Lechovichers arrived in just four years: 106 in 1904 (the year after the Kishenev Pogroms); 117 and 105 in 1906 and 1907 respectively (the two years after the "1905 Revolution"); and 118 in 1913 (the year before the outbreak of World War 1).
Ages.
Lechovichers arriving at Ellis Island ranged in age from a new-born of two months to a 67 year old. However, 462 - or over half of the core group - fell into the 16 – 25 year old bracket. If that bracket is widened to 14 – 30 years old, then the number rises to 570, or about 63% of the total. Noteworthy.
Family Groupings and Migration Patterns.
Among the Lechovichers arriving at Ellis Island were singles, husbands travelling ahead of their families, wives and children joining their husbands and fathers, complete families, and even a few elderly people. The different groupings are difficult to quantify but presumably they reflect the general migration patterns of Jews from other "shtetlach" in the Minsk Gubernya. End of article by Dr. Neville Lamdan
Migration Documents of Lyakhovichi History
These records were created about people who were once resident in Lyakhovichi, after or as, they moved away. Most were created about those who were born in Lyakhovichi, on documents required to list their legal place of birth. Records created about a Belarussian citizen in Minsk, in the 1990s might name the town of birth as Lyakhovichi, though the elderly resident might not have seen our town in fifty years. A Soviet identity card carried in places as far away as Tashkent, Crim, or Omsk (in Uzbekistan, Crimea, and Siberia respectively) might have listed a Lyakhovichi birth, we know our people were in all of those places. Most of Lyakhovichi's former residents who lived in the Soviet Union did so in the largest cities - Moscow, Leningrad, and in the Belarus Soviet, in Minsk.
Emigrants of the 1920s and 1930s got to safe haven in Cuba, Mexico, and Argentina, as well as British Mandate Palestine, South Africa, and Australia. The first two decades of the Twentieth Century saw the massive transplantation of Jews of Lyakhovichi to large cities, small towns, and farms, across the United States but we also know of those who only got as far as the Netherlands, Belgium, France, and the United Kingdom, before stopping their journeys. In all of those places, the demand for information about one's birthplace, family, and dates and places of emigration, created records, some of which survive, documenting Lyakhovichi emigres.
For a record to be included in this section of our website, it must create a clear link between those who departed from the town of Lyakhovichi and their places of settlement and transit. It differs from other records created about Lyakhovichi emigres in that it was created at the time of the relocation, it is a primary document that specifically cites a birthplace or last residence in Lyakhovichi as attested by the migrant at the time of the move. Many valuable immigration documents that you have in your own family history will not meet that criteria because they do not list a town of birth or last residence of Lyakhovichi. Some records that do include that information, will still not make this posting because they are not accessible in a way that lets us find the data - the good news is that as more original materials are digitized and made searchable with software, the possibilities of new insights are multiplied.
The documentation created by the shipping companies and filed with national governments as "entry manifests" are just one part of the records that are available. We will publish the records of ticket agencies; newspaper listings of ship arrivals with passengers; aid societies minute books that detail aid given to transients; and other materials that add to our knowledge of the movement of people from Lyakhovichi.
Lyakhovichi emigrant Israel Winogrod on a Galveston Texas document in records of Jewish Territorial Organization (ITO) in Kiev, Russia The Jewish Territorial Organization (ITO) in 1907, established an organization in Kiev to send emigrants to the port of Galveston, Texas. This database contains a total of 5,000 names. The file of the immigrants' names to Galveston is in the ITO section of the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem and can be searched online at Mass Jewish Migration Database The actual register photographed above remains in the State Archives in Kiev.
Click on title to go to larger image of this page from the ITO archives, it is easy to find him in the alphabetical listing
The Migration Lists on Our Website
You can click on the underlined titles to go right to that section of the page
Ellis Island Entries- Lyakhovichi Jews 1892-1924 (Individual immigrant records detailed for Immigrants surnamed A thru J) . Because the search criteria includes all of the possible spelling variants of Lyakhovichi and handwriting errors, this list has been revised several times. We added around 500 names in 2005, who had been missed because of transcription errors in the indexing process. But the list also gets winnowed and reduced in number as individual records are examined and the records reveal themselves to be referencing the Lechowitz in Volhynnia, the Lechowitz near Pinsk, and two that describe themselves as "of Poltava" and "of Vilna." If you do not see a name on this list that was present previously, it was probably removed when it was confirmed that it referred to a different town than ours. This list covers the period when most Jews entered the US with their nation given as "Hebrew" and it utilizes the Steve Morse "Blue Form", that is a search engine that combs the passengers designated as Hebrew. There are in 2007 around 800 names that have been confirmed for Lyakhovichi, Minsk Gubernia's Jewish residents. Now every entry where the surname of the immigrant began with A-J has been individually examined. I noted if the indexed name interpretation was correct and made changes in the
names based on my experience interpreting those documents for Jews over the last thirty years. I maintained the original indexed form of the name, so you can search on the original version to find them in the EIDB. I have removed several hundred whose record shows that they are from Lechowitz/Lachowitz/Luckowitz in other gubernias. This is what the entire list will look like when we are done – with notes on who was detained, who was naturalized, etc. It is the source of the names in the Third Party list. This is a continuing project and has, since the last posting, been expanded to include the letters C-J. The non-expanded list K-Z also appears on these pages.
A List of Third Parties named in the above Ellis Island Records extracted from the emigrees whose surnames begin with A-J. It is an index of third-parties and we want to complete such an index for every Ellis Island immigrant from Lyakhovichi and integrate it into a general database. It is a temporary list, because eventually all third-parties will be collected from every surname of our Lyakhovichi/Ellis Island emigrants and combined. The surnames can start with any letter but the information at this time is from the records created by emigrants whose last names start with A-J. The father still in Lyakhovichi, the cousin who was the first to reach Omaha, the brother-in-law who met your great-grandmother at the docks, here is where you will find their names.
An Index to Lyakhovichi Emigrants through Ellis Island who were Jews but not designated Hebrews 1892-1906 This list is of 200 people from Lyakhovichi who came through Ellis Island but were not listed as "Hebrews." They were listed as Russians or Poles some with the note they spoke "jargon" or "Russianjarg" which indicates Yiddish. Lyakhovichi residents are present in these records from the very beginning of Ellis Island's first records in 1892 when we find a young married woman Esther Malinoff and her son Abram traveling to join Esther's already emigrated husband. The largest percentage of the shipping companies in this period do not specify town of last residence on American manifests. So when we find those that do, (one of the Hamburg lines, others from Antwerp, Rotterdam, and LeHavre), we are finding the exceptions, not the rule. If you can't find someone who you think should have immigrated in this period, it is still sensible to check the name indices of Ellis Island. You may find sufficient evidence to make a judgement about an emigrant being a member of your family even if there is insufficient proof for us to claim them as a Lyakhovichi emigrant. But the people recorded in this list, claimed our town as their own.
A List of Lyakhovichi Emigrants through other US ports including Baltimore, Boston, Galveston, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Canadian crossing points. Initially we had created and posted a list of Boston and Philadelphia people claiming a past residence of Lyakhovichi. The list was substantial with a good number through each port. But then, individual record examination soon showed a problem. While the people entering through Philadelphia claiming a Lyakhovichi name variant for their most recent residence or birthplace were, in fact, largely from Lyakhovichi Minsk, almost all of the Boston newcomers were from the one in Ukraina, next to modern Bilgoria. The search for evidence of which town was likely to be referenced, often took me to US draft records, census records, et al. Though the current list shows almost none entering through Boston, the individuals examined including hundreds of Bostonian entries which had appeared in the original document. On the same page please find A List of 300 Third Parties named in the above US port records.
Lyakhovichi and Baranovichi Residents in the records of the Poor Jews Temporary Shelter in London
Lyakhovichi Jewish Residents through the port of Hamburg 1890-1907 500 Lechovichers bound for England, South Africa, Canada, and the United States. Many transshipped to shipping lines in Antwerp, Cherbourg, Glasgow, and Liverpool. Others were only going as far as English cities. All listed a Russian Lechowicz or Lachowicze as their last residence. Eventually, we hope to have volunteers join us in extracting Lyakhovichi people from the handwritten indices that date back to the 1830s and that all list a last residence.NEW!!!!
786 Jewish Immigrants via Baranovichi-Ellis Island, to be edited for those with Lyakhovichi Birthplaces Baranovichi, the former Baranowicze, is in a unique position to Lyakhovichi. It was a railroad town built in the 1870s and in the early 1900s most of its adult residents had been born elsewhere, with a significant number from Lyakhovichi and its dependent towns. This list is designed to provide a tool for us to extract those Baranovichi families which had members born in Lyakhovichi but who had cited a last residence of Baranovichi. The many Lyakhovichi researchers who had family in both places can really help us by going through this list and letting us know which can clearly be added to our Lyakhovichi count.NEW!!!!
400 Emigrants from Baranovichi thru Hamburg. See the note just above on the important role these "Baranovichi" names can play in your Lyakhovichi research!
NEW!!!!
Images of Transit The train that took our emigrants from Baranovichi to the port cities of Europe. Typical ticket purchase records, the ticket "stubs," and receipts for luggage - these are not yet from Lyakhovichi residents, but we want to replace them with those you find in your family papers. The various essential papers from passports to visas to health certificates and letters of introduction.
Migrations before 1880 A brief look and first table of extracted data on records of Lyakhovichi emigrees in other cities of the Russian Empire.
The Lyakhovichi Immigration Page Index Across multiple lists it is easy to miss someone who might be relevant to your searches. The Immigration Page Index combines all of the separate immigration records into a single list. Added at different times, an individual might have been included several times - at ports of emigration as well as at ports of arrival; in a list reported just as names, and then later as that same list was more closely explored. He or she could be there even if they never left Lyakhovichi, cited as parents, siblings, and even grandparents, of the emigrees. All variations of surnames are indexed together so you can find relatives with variant spellings in a single list alphabetized by first name.
The All-Page Index is created as we make each new page of the website and so all names mentioned on every page of all types that we post, are listed there, including the migration lists. The benefit is that the travelers are now seen within the context of the larger group as all surname spelling variations are brought together. If you have a name that is found only once, in the immigration records, they you may be looking at a special category - someone from one of the other Lyakhovichis, someone whose name was changed, or someone whose written name has been misunderstood and needs to be reexamined. We created a Name Index which indexes every Lyakhovichi Jew by Surname and will soon be adding a new listing by First Name!
Castle Garden records of Lyakhovichi Jews (port of New York City prior to the opening of Ellis Island station) Though the majority of shipping companies do not list last residence, some do, and I have so far found around forty people from Lyakhovichi between 1880 and 1892. I reported previously on Lyakhovichi people through Castle Gardens mentioning that we had found for the year 1888, Abraham Brewde a 53 year old baker from Lyakhovichi, his wife and children, as well as fellow Lyakhovichi resident David Rabinowitz a 22 year old cheesemaker, - all came steerage on the Moravia out of Hamburg, December 25, 1888. A descendant of David Rabinowitz sent us a picture and his obituary that we have posted. Very much a "work in progress" page, we will put the first listings up when we confirm seventy-five names from our Lyakhovichi. If you would like to volunteer to work on this project please send us an email by clicking Contact and let us know what it is you would like to do.
Informational articles (but so far, no extracted data) on the immigration records created and held by the nations of Canada, in Eretz Israel (including in the Ottoman and Mandate periods prior to the creation of the State of Israel), Argentina, and Cuba, appear in the pages titled Primary Records of Other Nations - North America (eventually to include United States, Canada, Mexico, and Caribbean) AND Primary Records of Other Nations - Israel
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Compiled by Deborah G. Glassman
First Posting by DGG Dec 2004, Updates July 2005, Nov 2007, Winter 2008. Most Recent Update May 2008.
There are around 130 separate pages on this
site in 2008, All copyright of each page (unless designated elsewhere on
the specific page) is retained to Deborah G. Glassman. Copyright © 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008
Deborah G. Glassman
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