Lachman, Gedalia, “The History of Skala,” Sefer Skala, p. 4.
| The Goluchowskis were an old and aristocratic Polish-Christian family of wealthy landowners in Galicia, who had a large estate on the eastern side of Skala, near the road to Boroszczow. [See Map of Skala, icon number 18]. |  Goluchowski Palace in Skala |
Among the members of this noble family was Count Agenor Goluchowski, (1812-1875), who was appointed Viceroy (Governor) of Galicia in 1849 and Austria's Minister of the Interior ten years later. In the 1860s, it was through his influence that the administrative governance of the Austrian empire was somewhat decentralized and Galicia was granted a Legislative Assembly or Sejm.
 Count Agenor Goluchowski (the father) | It was a Pole, Count Agenor Goluchowski, the former viceroy of Galicia, who was made imperial minister of the interior in 1859 and minister of state --- practically premier --- in 1860, whom Francis Joseph first entrusted with the task of reorganizing the monarchy and whose ideas he approved in the “October Diploma” dated October 20, 1860. Goluchowski was a decided federalist who wanted equal rights for all nationalities, their languages, and cultures. He also wanted to extend the self-government of the historic provinces...
Halecki, Oscar, “From the Crimean War to the Congress of Berlin” |
| Count Agenor's son, Count Agenor Maria Goluchowski (born in Skala on March 25, 1849) was married to a member of the imperial Bonaparte family. Like his father, he had a distinguished career in European politics. He was a member of the Austro-Hungarian diplomatic corps and was the nation's Foreign Minister from 1895 to 1906. During this era, there was much contention between Austro-Hungary and Russia over control of the Balkans. Goluchowski confirmed his reputation as a gifted mediator when, in 1897, he negotiated a treaty with Russia that sought to preserve the status quo in the Balkans. The agreement became the basis of a ten-year detente between the two empires. |  Agenor Goluchowski with Emporer Franz Josef |
 Count Agenor Maria Goluchowski (the son) | Goluchowski was disliked by the Hungarians and, when the dual-monarchy was threatened with dissolution, he was forced to resign from the government on October 11, 1906. He died in Lvov on March 28, 1921. His son was the last of the Goluchowskis to live on the estate in Skala and see to its administration. Count Agenor Maria's Goluchowski's brother Adam (1855-1914) served in the local Galician government as an MP and Marshal of Galicia. |
| The Goluchowskis were an educated and enlightened family that had extensive commercial relationships with the Jews of Skala. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Alter (Benjamin) Zimmerman, the father of Israeli MP Zvi Henryk Zimmerman, was the manager of some of the Goluchowski properties in Skala. The Goluchowskis also owned a brewery in Skala, which they leased to two Jews. During World War II, the Goluchowski estate was commandeered for use as headquarters of the civilian administration. |  Goluchowski Memorial in Skala |
“Agenor Maria Goluchowski,” an article based upon the Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th edition, at:
http://www.answers.com/topic/agenor-maria-go-uchowski
“Galicia Central Europe --- Constitutional Experiments,” at:
http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Galicia_Central_Europe_-_Constitutional_experiments/id/5072887
Halecki, Oscar, “From the Crimean War to the Congress of Berlin” in History of East Central Europe at
http://victorian.fortunecity.com/wooton/34/halecki/18.htm
Lachman, Gedalia, “The History of Skala,” Sefer Skala, p. 4 et passim
“Little-Known Aspects of the War, and a Personal Mission of Remembrance,” a review of Henryk Zvi Zimmerman's book Przezylem, pamietam, swiadcze [I Survived, I Remember, I Bear Witness]
http://letters.krakow.pl/books/zimmermann.html