Remembering the Jews of Lubaczow

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Lubaczów, Poland
50° 10' N/ 23° 08' E

Other names: Libatchov, Libechuyv, Liubachev, Lubachov, Lubatchov, Lubichuv

1920's and 1930's

Organizations and Activists
Community of Lubaczów

Basic information

In 1919 the Lubaczow district included two towns - Lubaczow and Cieszanow - and 64 surrounding villages.

According to the census of 1931, the population of the town of Lubaczow had at that time
2,319 Poles
2,145 Ruthenians (Ukrainians)
1,794 Jews
1 German
2 Czechs

In 1933 an additional township with 343 habitants (263 Poles, the rest Jews and Ruthenians) was added to Lubaczow.

Lubaczow had the following institutions:

1) District Office (Starostwo)
2) Police Department,
3) Revenue Office,
4) County Court,
5) One army garrison,
6) Two elementary schools,
7) One vocational school
8) One high school

Municipal Administration

Shortly after 1918 the Town Council had 16 members.
In 1927 the Town Council had 48 members: 16 Poles, 16 Ruthenians and 16 Jews.
In 1932 the Town Council had seven members, among them
Dr Henryk Friser, Ignacy Bardach, Dr Iwan Stanko, Samson Schneider and Franciszek Meyer.

The last municipal elections were held on January 22th 1939.
There were two lists for these elections.
List number one had 13 mandates - nine for Poles and four for Jews.
List number two for ethnic minorities had three mandates for Ruthenians.
In the Town Council that year there were sixteen members including five Jews (see footnotes 16-17, page 50)

The Town Hall in 1931 had 15 permanent employees and 14 contract employees.

The Town's Budget

Yearly income
1) From renting out pastures, lands, and buildings - 6,600 zloty a year (F.ex. Ire Schickler paid during the years 1931-1937 250 zloty per year for the lot where he had his gas station in Rynek)
2) Franchises
3) Office Fees
4) Market fees

Since the year 1838 Lubaczow had six large markets a year on the following dates:

March 21st
March 30th
April 26th
July 9th
September 20th

In addition there was a regular market every Monday.

Merchandise on these markets included food, agricultural products, barrels, handicrafts, pottery, clothes and various goods.
Merchants who used the municipal stands paid a yearly stand tax of two zloty for a small one; and three zloty for a large one.
Those who brought their own stands, paid according to what they sold.
For example, if they sold confection, bread or meat, they paid 50 groszy and if they sold agricultural products they paid 20 groszy:
The income from these stand taxes was over 500 zloty yearly.

There was a separate market for animals.
The fees here were 25 groszy for a horse, a beef cattle or a cow; 15 groszy for a pig; 10 groszy for a sheep or a goose; and five groszy for a chicken or a duck.

Collector of markets fees in the year 1929 was Wolf Rotter. (He had paid 7150 zloty for the licence to do this work).

Other fees and taxes

Taxes and fees were paid for publicity material, for keeping dogs, for entertainment, for running a hotel or a movie theatre, for using the cemetery etc.
Profit came also from giving various rights. F.ex., in 1930/31 Hersz Silber paid 900 zloty for the exclusive right to build a wall touching the school building.

The town was selling various lots. The buyers would be farmers or merchants. The merchants were mainly Jews from St.Anna Street. Lots were usually for building wooden houses, except for St Anna Street where construction of brick houses was required.

(Footnote 33- Lots at St. Anna Street were bought by Oskar Frankel, Scheidla Hartman, Efroim Herzberg, Hena Schnek, Chana Fliesser, Franciszek Meder)

Pasture fees/taxes: 60 gr. for each cow and horse;
10 grosz for a sheep.
Other fees:
1) Hunting rights.
2) Sand extraction
Sand was extracted from the river for making cement locally.
Tax for one chariot of sand was 50 groszen.
In 1932/33 Dawid Stein Hersz paid the municipality 232 zloty for this right and Izaak Eyert paid 225 zloty.
3) Fees from the slaughterhouse.
In 1931/1932 the licence for collecting the fees at the slaughterhouse went to Wolf Rotter. He paid 15 000 zloty for this licence.

During this period there were several municipal building projects:
1) The construction of the Fire Hall
2) Renovation of the Town Hall
3) Renovation of the Starostwo Office
4) Renovation of the apartment for the Starosta.

PAGE 55
There were official names for 29 streets in Lubaczow
Lubaczow had responsibility for the upkeeping of roads, and the railroad.
In 1933 the Lubaczow district had 13 km of asphalt roads and 26 km of dirt roads.

PAGE 56

All roads and many streets were in bad shape, especially after heavy rainfall.
The "Project of Road and Street Construction" started in 1930- 1933, but it encountered many problems - mainly financial.
For lighting the streets at night there were 22 light poles in Lubaczow. The budget for this was several thousand zloty per year. The money was used for oil supply and for the salary for two employees who lit the street lamps every night.
In 1926 Lubaczow decided to construct a hydro plant. This plan failed because of lack of money. Therefore, in 1934 the Town of Lubaczow signed an agreement with Maurycy Friedman (who rented a mill) that he should provide the energy for the town's street lamp. This contract started on January 15th 1935.

(See foot note 47-M. Friedman lived in Drohobycz, 33, St. Jan Street)

PAGE 57

The mill had two turbines providing water and motor energy. The water turbine was less costly, but also gave less energy. Therefore, its use was allowed only after 1 AM. According to several complaints, Friedman didn't respect the agreement's clause.

The town of Lubaczow financed schools, welfare, and hospital services. It was also responsible for the sewage system.

PAGE 58

In 1931/32 the Town of Lubaczow paid for medical services (hospital expenses, transport, maintenance of wells and doctor's salary) the sum of 10 845 zloty.

For welfare the expenses in 1931/32 were 1976 zloty with a maximum of 10 zloty per person.

Footnote 54- There was only one Health Clinic with one doctor and nurse. In 1933 the nurse was Maria Kohenowa.

PAGE 59

Keeping the Town Clean

In some places, the responsibility was that of the Town Hall, in other places the business owners and the house owners were responsible.
The Town Hall had two horses and one large wagon and a small tool wagon for keeping the town clean.
The town hall was in charge of 44 wells and sewers. The cost of well maintenance was 2000 zloty per year.

PAGE 60
Only Rynek and theTown Hall had canalization (drainage?). Maintenance expenses for this were 800 zloty per year.

Firemen

In Lubaczow there were five firemen. Another ten firemen lived in the surroundings.
In 1928/9 the Town Hall paid 10.792 zloty for salary and uniforms. Additional funding for the firemen came from various cultural events, public actions, and members' fees.
During fires the equipment used included, among others, axes, ladders, 18 buckets and 3 wagons with water barrels.
In 1938-39 the town planned to buy a fire truck.

Other extra expenses for the Town of Lubaczow
Religious and national processions, decoration of the town

PAGE 61

Mr. Kubryk comments on the Town's achievements and failures.

Achievements:

1) Urbanisation (responsibility of Karol Friser's Commission for Public Work Department in Lwow)
2) Foundation and construction of schools

Failures, due particularly to lack of financial resources:

1) Electrification,
2) Roads and streets construction.
3) Water regulation (every year a flood)
4) Insufficient economic development- mainly in the agricultural areas. There were only four manufactures.
5) Lubaczow tried in different ways to obtain financial sources for some investments in road and railroad construction as well for a post and telegraph office.
World War Two stopped all these efforts.

See footnote 73-
In Lubaczow District there were
1) A mill owned by Agenor Goluchowski
2) A mill in Ostrowiec, owned by Markus Strassberg and Hersch Sandgarten. This mill was destroyed by fire in 1938.

The following Jews are mentioned in this essay:

Dr. BARDACH Ignacy, page 48, 50, 57
EYERT Izaak, page 54
FLIESSER Chana, page 53
FRANKEL Oskar, page 53
FRIEDMAN Maurycy, page 56
HARTMAN Scheindla, page 53
HERZBERG Efroim, page 53
KLEIN Pinkas, page 50
Dr. OSTERMAN Jozef, page 50, 57
ROTTER Wolf, page 54
SANDGARTEN Hersch, page 62
SCHNEK Hena, page 53
SCHNEIDER Samson, page 50
SILBER Hersz, page 53
STEIN David-Hersch, page 54
STRASSBERG Markus, page 62

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